Arm Fracture

What is an Arm Fracture?

A supracondylar fracture, commonly referred to as an arm fracture, occurs just above the elbow joint.

The human arm is structured with three primary bones: the humerus in the upper arm, and the ulna and radius in the forearm. A supracondylar fracture specifically involves an injury to the humerus.

This type of fracture often occurs due to a fall onto an outstretched hand or a direct impact on the elbow area. It is predominantly observed in children, particularly between the ages of 5 to 7.

Symptoms

The symptoms of an arm fracture vary depending on the type and severity of the fracture.

• Severe Pain
  The most immediate and noticeable symptom, the pain can be sharp and intense. It usually worsens with any attempt to move or apply pressure to the affected area.
• Swelling and Bruising
  These occur as the body’s response to the injury. Swelling may develop rapidly after the fracture.
• Deformity
  A visible deformity, such as an unnatural angle or shape of the arm, may be present.
  
• Reduced Mobility
  The individual may be unable to rotate the arm or bend the elbow normally. In severe cases, complete immobility of the affected limb might be observed.
• Numbness or Tingling
  These sensations, particularly in the hand or fingers, suggest that nerves may have been affected by the fracture.
• Cracking or Snapping Sound
  This is not always present but can occur during the injury. It is a telltale sign that a bone may have been broken.
• Loss of Function
  In severe fractures, the individual may not be able to use the affected arm or elbow at all due to pain, swelling, and mechanical disruption of the bone structure.

Causes and Risk Factors

Arm fractures can be associated with several causes and risk factors:

• Direct Impact: Such as a fall on an outstretched hand or a blow to the arm.
• Sports Injuries: Common in contact sports or activities with a high risk of falls.
• Trauma: Like car accidents or severe falls.
• Osteoporosis or Bone Weakness: Conditions that make bones more fragile and prone to fractures.
• Age: Children and the elderly are more susceptible due to either developmental factors or decreased bone density.
• Lifestyle Factors: Poor nutrition, smoking, and excessive alcohol use can weaken bones.
• Previous Fractures: A history of fractures can sometimes indicate an increased risk of future breaks.

Non-Surgical Treatment Options

For arm fractures, non-surgical treatment options are often considered first, especially for simpler or less severe fractures. It aims to allow the bone to heal naturally while minimising pain and inconvenience to the patient.

Splints and Casts

To immobilise the fracture, a splint or cast is often applied. Splints are particularly used initially to accommodate swelling, and casts are applied once swelling decreases.

Pain Management

Over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen are commonly prescribed for pain control. In cases of severe pain, stronger prescription medications may be needed.

Physical Therapy

After immobilisation, physical therapy plays a role in regaining strength and mobility. It involves exercises to restore movement and flexibility.

Activity Modification

Activities should be modified to avoid putting stress on the healing bone.

Surgical Treatment Options

In cases where arm fractures are severe or complex, surgical intervention may be required.

• Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF)
  This procedure may be necessary if the fracture results in a misalignment of the bones or causes damage to nerves or blood vessels. It involves repositioning the bone fragments into their normal alignment and then holding them together with hardware such as plates, screws, or rods.
• Closed Reduction with Percutaneous Pinning
  Here, the bone fragments are manipulated back into place without a large incision, and pins are inserted to hold the fragments. Initially, a splint is applied, which is subsequently substituted with a cast for sustained support and healing.

Prevention Strategies

Preventing arm fractures involves a combination of lifestyle adjustments and safety measures.

• Fall Prevention: Simple measures like removing tripping hazards, using non-slip mats, and ensuring adequate lighting can reduce the risk of falls.
• Safety Gear in Sports: Using protective gear such as wrist guards, elbow pads, and helmets during sports can reduce the risk of fractures.
• Building Bone Strength: Regular exercise, a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol can strengthen bones.
• Safe Play for Children: Supervising children during play, especially on playground equipment, and teaching them safe playing techniques can prevent accidents.
• Ergonomics and Workplace Safety: Proper ergonomics at work and adherence to safety protocols can reduce the risk of arm injuries.